1 | Accuse Your Opponent of Doing What He is Accusing You of (or worse) |
2 | Accuse Him of Sliding Down ASlippery Slope (that leads to disaster) |
3 | Appeal to Authority |
4 | Appeal to Experience |
5 | Appeal to Fear |
6 | Appeal to Pity (or sympathy) |
7 | Appeal to Popular Passions |
8 | Appeal to Tradition or Faith ("the tried and true") |
9 | Assume a Posture of Righteousness |
10 | Attack the person (and not the argument) |
11 | Beg the Question |
12 | Call For Perfection (Demand impossible conditions) |
13 | Create a False Dilemma (the Great Either/Or) |
14 | Devise Analogies (and Metaphors) That Support Your View (even if they are misleading or "false") |
15 | Question Your Opponent's Conclusions |
16 | Create Misgivings: Where There's Smoke, There's Fire |
17 | Create A Straw Man |
18 | Deny or Defend Your Inconsistencies |
19 | Demonize His Side Sanitize Yours |
20 | Evade Questions, Gracefully |
21 | Flatter Your Audience |
22 | Hedge What You Say |
23 | Ignore the Evidence |
24 | Ignore the Main Point |
25 | Attack Evidence (That Undermines Your Case) |
26 | Insist Loudly on a Minor Point |
27 | Use the Hard-Cruel-World Argument (to justify doing what is usually considered unethical) |
28 | Make (Sweeping) Glittering Generalizations |
29 | Make Much of Any Inconsistencies in Your Opponent's Position |
30 | Make Your Opponent Look Ridiculous ("lost in the laugh") |
31 | Oversimplify the Issue |
32 | Raise Nothing But Objections |
33 | Rewrite History (Have It Your Way) |
34 | Seek Your Vested Interests |
35 | Shift the Ground |
36 | Shift the Burden of Proof |
37 | Spin, Spin, Spin |
38 | Talk in Vague Generalities |
39 | Talk Double Talk |
40 | Tell Big lies |
41 | Treat Abstract Words and Symbols As If They Were Real Things |
42 | Throw In A Red Herring (or two) |
43 | Throw in Some Statistics |
44 | Use Double Standards (Whenever you can) |
Sunday, April 10, 2011
Forty-four Foul Ways to Win an Argument
from The Thinker's Guide to Fallacies
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